Fonts for Hebrew Bible with Cantillation Marks / Safari Mac OS X

In addition to the other Hebrew Bible versions that are available on the excellent Mechon Mamre site, there is a version with cantillation marks. As is explained on the Mechon Mamre "Fonts for Bible with Cantillation Marks" page, the normal Hebrew fonts that are available on most Internet browsers do not support the display of cantillation marks properly. The site goes on to look at some options that are available for Windows PC's but Mac options are not discussed as the author does not have a Mac. So, I decided to have a look at the different font options available for Hebrew (with cantillation marks) on the Mac.

Both Safari 4 beta and Firefox 3 on the Mac display Hebrew quite nicely (with and without vowels); however, I wasn't sure whether they would display cantillation marks properly. I decided to test the various alternative options to see what would work best. In all cases, I used the default Mechon Mamre CSS file with just a modification to the font family to select the desired font. All tests were done on a MacBook Pro laptop running Leopard 10.5.6. Screen shots are from Safari 4 (public beta but the new version is supposed to be released in mid-2009).

To start off, here is a snippit that illustrates some of the different types of marks - I've used it as a "canonical" example for comparison purposes:



Gen. 1:9 And God said, "Let the waters be collected".

Letters in black, vowel points and d'geshim (letter doublings) in red, cantillation signs in green

Here is an extended selection from Genesis that includes that same phrase using different fonts (some of the font comments I've taken from the Mechon Mamre site). First off, I'll show an example of how this is displayed in IE under Windows. Then, I'll show how the same text is displayed under Safari with a number of alternative fonts:

Internet Explorer on a Windows PC using the Ezra SIL font:

No font specified (default Hebrew font for Safari 4):

Ezra SIL SR, which has traditional rounded marks:

Ezra SIL, which has straight marks as in most old manuscripts:

Code2000:

Cardo:

SBL:

Safari Arial Unicode font:

As can be seen, there is quite a lot of variance in how the cantillation marks are displayed with the different fonts. To my untrained eye (for the most part), it looks like the default Hebrew font for Safari 4 displays the cantillation marks as well or better than the 3rd party fonts under Safari. An exception: the default font is putting the cantillation mark above the Qof instead of above the vav in the example; but, the default Safari font is displaying the letter doublings and vowel points better than many of the 3rd party fonts. However, when you compare any of the Safari examples with the IE/Windows example, the Safari ones are far inferior. I believe this is due to the way that Microsoft is handling the placement of the special cantillation marks in their usp10.dll. It would be really great if Apple could improve support for Hebrew and Arabic vowels and cantillation marks in Safari so that they are displayed as well or better than Microsoft's Internet Explorer. I have submitted a bug report to Apple and I'll update this post when I get a response.

iPhone App Development Notes

As I mentioned in my previous post, I'm learning how to write code for the iPhone. While working on my first iPhone app (currently awaiting app store approval!), I came across a number of "gotchas" and things that required a bit of research to resolve. Not to say that they were particularly difficult to resolve; however, they did require a bit more work on my part to find solutions. In case my experience can benefit others (and also to record these things for my own benefit), I'll list them here on my blog. In no particular order:

• Initialize Settings: When you create an iPhone app, you'll often want to store user preferences in the standard "Settings" location. This is really easy to setup. However, what isn't mentioned is that the settings aren't "initialized" until the first time you access them (this isn't intuitive as they appear as initialized values when you access them the first time in Settings). This one was difficult to diagnose as the application worked sometimes (e.g. - when I had already gone in to check the preferences before starting the app) but not others (e.g. - when I had removed the application and re-installed from scratch on the iPhone and had started up the app before looking at the preferences). Unfortunately, there's no error message and some functionality works and some doesn't, so it's a tricky one to catch. It's easy enough to initialize the preferences, but you need to know that it's something that you have to do (see Apple's AppPrefs sample code. Also, see this post for some generic code that you should be able to reuse easily - but note that there is a memory leak in the example provided in the post. There should be a "[defaults release];" statement at the end of the sample code.).
• Internet Connectivity: My application needs Internet access in order for some functionality to work properly, so I test for a connection on startup and get a notification if the connection is lost. Apple has some good sample code that demonstrates how to do this (see the Apple Reachability example).
• Dependent Components in a Picker: I needed to have dependent components in a picker (e.g. - Books displayed in component #1 of the picker and Chapters displayed in component #2 of the same picker - therefore, the Chapters component values needed to vary based on the Book that had been selected). There is a good example of how to setup dependent components in Chapter 7 of the excellent Beginning iPhone Development: Exploring the iPhone SDK book.
• Re-using Buttons: I have a navigation bar with a button that plays/stops audio playback and I wanted the button description/action/shape to change (e.g. - I have a "Play" button and I wanted it to change to a "Stop" button once "Play" has been pressed). To enable this, you can do something like this:
  

  [doPlaySoundBarButton release];  
  doPlaySoundBarButton = [[UIBarButtonItem alloc]
       initWithBarButtonSystemItem:UIBarButtonSystemItemStop
       target:self      
       action:@selector(stopSoundPressed)];  
  self.navigationItem.rightBarButtonItem = doPlaySoundBarButton;

• Memory Management: There is no GC on the iPhone, so you need to make certain you aren't leaking memory anywhere. There are some good explanations on how to do this (see here and here) and some good tools. I used a combination of Xcode's "Leaks" in the "Instruments" tool for interactive analysis (see this tutorial for a great set of instructions on using Leaks) and clang for static analysis (see these step-by-step instructions and this user script for running clang from inside of Xcode. Getting clang setup is a bit of a fiddle; however, once you've used it, you'll be happy you did. While Leaks helps you track down the memory leaks you discover during testing, clang catches potential memory leaks in code branches that you may not be testing. It's a really cool tool!
• Caching web content locally: I access web sites in my app and wanted to give the user the option to cache some content locally on the iPhone (both for performance reasons and so that the content is available when there is no Internet connectivity). To see how to do this, have a look at Apple's URL Cache sample code.
• File Encodings: If you're saving content to the iPhone that you're reading off the Internet, you may encounter files that are encoded in odd formats. NSStringEncodings only supports a subset of encodings; however, CFStringEncoding supports a more complete set of encodings. So, for example, to read a Hebrew HTML page encoded with "charset=Windows-1255" and write it to a location on the iPhone, you can do something like this:
  

  NSString *fileString = [[NSString alloc] initWithContentsOfURL:url   
       encoding:CFStringConvertEncodingToNSStringEncoding (kCFStringEncodingWindowsHebrew)         
       error:nil];  
  [fileString writeToFile:filePath    
       atomically:YES  
       encoding:CFStringConvertEncodingToNSStringEncoding (kCFStringEncodingWindowsHebrew)   
       error:nil];  [fileString release];

• Disabling Sleep: For certain long-running actions, I wanted to ensure that the iPhone didn't go to sleep while it was performing those activities. To prevent this, do the following:
  

  [UIApplication sharedApplication].idleTimerDisabled = YES;

  
  Remember to undo this after your long-running action has completed!
• Streaming Sound: Most iPhone sound examples effectively "take over" the device while the audio is playing. I wanted to be able to "stream" sound from a remote site in a background thread while the user was scrolling though text in a foreground thread. Luckily, I found Matt Gallagher's excellent article to help me figure this out.
• Using WebViews: This isn't hard once you've done it; however, I initially had trouble finding good examples. The free "Network I/O" sample chapter from the upcoming iPhone SDK Development book had a good basic example of how to create a WebView that loaded both local and remote URL's. Once I had played around with that a bit, the rest of the WebView stuff that I had to do came pretty easily. One thing that I did that others may need to do is to open cetain types of links using another application (e.g. - in Safari or Mail) rather than in the WebView.
• Executing JavaScript: After loading a remote HTML page, you can execute JavaScript from Objective C to manipulate the content. I do this mostly for stylistic reasons - for example, to remove any HR elements in an HTML page:
  

    
  #define kJavaScriptCmd @"var tagArray = document.getElementsByTagName('hr');for(i = 0; i < tagArray.length; i++){var j=tagArray[i];j.style.display='none';}"  <br/>  
  NSString *jsCmd = [NSString stringWithFormat:kJavaScriptCmd];  
  [self.webView stringByEvaluatingJavaScriptFromString:jsCmd];  

• Landscape Mode with Tab View Controllers: My app uses a Tab View Controller but the Tab View Controller template supplied by Apple doesn't support landscape mode. There are a number of different solutions to this; however, this one was easy and worked well for me.
• SCM: Setting up Subversion for my project was pretty easy. However, it was easy because I followed Jeff LeMarche's great step-by-step instructions. Be sure to read the comments. In particular, the one about setting up the Subversion "global ignores" to exclude Xcode settings and other cruft that shouldn't be put into your Subversion repository.
• Xcode Customizations: I'm a long-time Emacs user and I prefer Emacs to IDE's like Xcode, Eclipse, and Visual Studio. However, I'm still learning iPhone development and developing without Xcode would be too much of a pain at this stage. Also, as IDE's go, Xcode isn't bad (it's definitely better than Eclipse and Visual Studio which I've had to use in the past). For the time being, I've made do with just some customizations to key bindings, color theme, and some user scripts. At some point in the future, I might write a blog post about these customizations. In the meantime, I wanted to digress to "ask the lazyweb" about some Xcode issues:
  1. Digression#1: Has anyone discovered/created a key binding for the "get api documentation for symbol at point" functionality in Xcode (similar to C-h-v and C-h-f in Emacs)? It's available using option-double-mouse-click when you're on a symbol; however, I couldn't find a key binding for it so that I could avoid using the mouse. I could create a user script; however, there must be a key binding for it somewhere!
  2. Digression#2: Another Xcode "nit" is that I have to use the mouse (using the little icon under the "lock" icon in the upper-right-hand side of the view) to split the text editor view, to close the split, and to switch between the splits. I would like to have keybindings similar to C-x-2, C-x-0, and C-x-o in Emacs but I can't find equivalents in Xcode - anyone?
• Alternative Development Approaches: I initially prototyped my application using PhoneGap (an open source development tool for building fast, easy mobile apps with JavaScript). In combination with PhoneGap, I tried out both the iui and DashCode-specific frameworks for creating iPhone-like UI's. I liked the idea of being able to create an iPhone app using just HTML and JavaScript as I knew how to code in those already. However, after some experimenting, there were certain things that were too slow and certain functionality that wasn't available. In the end, I decided that it was better to "bite the bullet" and learn how to develop iPhone applications using Objective C. I don't regret making the effort; however, if you want to develop an iPhone application that you can easily port to other mobile platforms, you might want to have a look at PhoneGap.

Update-2009-08-11: Under "Xcode Customizations", I listed 2 nits. I've discovered solutions to these:

1. A key binding for the "get api documentation for symbol at point" functionality in Xcode: I found that I can do this by creating two bindings:
   
   • Bind C-x C-s to "Select Word"
   • Bind F1 to Help/Find Selected Text in API Reference
   
   Now I can find the API documentation for the symbol at point by pressing "C-x C-s F1". It would be nicer to have just a single keybinding but...
2. A key binding to split the text editor view: Cmd-" will split the window vertically, and Alt-Cmd-" splits horizontally (thanks to Chris for pointing this out). You can close the splits with Cmd-'

Starting ...

I've recently been developing an iPhone application. It's been an interesting experience since, although I've been a Mac user for years, I haven't really developed for a Mac platform in the past. All of my programming in recent years has been for server-based applications, so I haven't really done any UI stuff (outside of HTML/Javascript-based UI's) for a couple of decades. Learning a new programming language (with it's libraries and frameworks) and development environment is (in some ways) like learning to program again. Sure, you aren't learning everything from scratch; however, there are all the little "gotcha's" that you have to find out about and you have to look up documentation a lot more to figure out how to do certain things.

Learning to program in Objective-C was not a big jump. In the past few years, I've been mostly programming in C and Lisp (with a bit of Java and proprietary languages thrown in as well), so picking up Objective-C wasn't a big deal. For anyone who has programmed in C and who has had some exposure to an OO language, Objective-C is pretty easy to pick up. However, learning to program on the iPhone is a bigger jump. The resources that I found most useful were:

1. Beginning iPhone Development: Exploring the iPhone SDK: Excellent introduction to developing on the iPhone.
2. Sample code from Apple (you'll need an Apple developer account to click through the link): Great for figuring out how to do things.

An "honorable mention" goes to the following:

• The iPhone Developer's Cookbook: Building Applications with the iPhone SDK: The author of this book develops without using Interface Builder (IB). This is extremely useful as most books and example code use IB and it is good to know how to do things without IB as well.
• Learn Objective–C on the Mac: I just read a few chapters of this one and skim it when I need to.
• iPhone in Action: Most useful for illustrating and comparing web-based and SDK-based development approaches for the iPhone. Better as an overview than as a programming tutorial though.

I only bought the PDF versions of the books as I tend to toggle back and forth between reading a book and writing code. I've had to Google around a lot to find answers to some programming problems and to figure out how to do certain things. I haven't come up with a definitive list of "must read" forums/blogs yet; however, the following sites have been useful on multiple occasions:

• iPhone Dev SDK
• iPhoneKicks